Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Dynamic Oil Accumulation in \u3ci\u3eSymplocos paniculata\u3c/i\u3e Fruit

Background Symplocos paniculata, asiatic sweetleaf or sapphire berry, is a widespread shrub or small tree from Symplocaceae with high oil content and excellent fatty acid composition in fruit. It has been used as feedstocks for biodiesel and cooking oil production in China. Little transcriptome information is available on the regulatory molecular mechanism of oil accumulation at different fruit development stages. Results The transcriptome at four different stages of fruit development (10, 80,140, and 170 days after flowering) of S. paniculata were analyzed. Approximately 28 million high quality clean reads were generated. These reads were trimmed and assembled into 182,904 non-redundant putative transcripts with a mean length of 592.91 bp and N50 length of 785 bp, respectively. Based on the functional annotation through Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) with public protein database, the key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism were identified, and a schematic diagram of the pathway and temporal expression patterns of lipid metabolism was established. About 13,939 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) were screened out using differentially expressed sequencing (DESeq) method. The transcriptional regulatory patterns of the identified enzymes were highly related to the dynamic oil accumulation along with the fruit development of S. paniculata. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) of six vital genes was significantly correlated with DESeq data. Conclusions The transcriptome sequences obtained and deposited in NCBI would enrich the public database and provide an unprecedented resource for the discovery of the genes associated with lipid metabolism pathway in S. paniculata. Results in this study will lay the foundation for exploring transcriptional regulatory profiles, elucidating molecular regulatory mechanisms, and accelerating genetic engineering process to improve the yield and quality of seed oil of S. paniculata. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3275-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Production of Biodiesel Using a Vegetable Oil from Swida wilsoniana Fruits

Energy demand is increasing dramatically due to the fast industrial development, rising population, expanding urbanization, and economic growth in the world and large amount of fossil fuels are widely used. The depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the environmental pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels stimulate development of alternative fuels. Biodiesel today is the most popular and promising biofuel and vegetable oils are one of the potential feedstocks for biodiesel production. In order to explore the wild oil plant sources in China, the fruit oil of Swida wilsoniana, a wild woody oil plant widely distributed in the mountainous regions of calcareous sandstone, was used to produce the biodiesel by transesterification method. The reaction parameters were optimized by an orthogonal experimental design. The results showed that Swida wilsoniana fruit oil (SWO) could be conversed to biodiesel at a wide range of reaction conditions. The optimum conditions for the reaction process were determined as: methanol/oil mole ratio 5:1, catalyst dosage 1.1%, reaction temperature 60 °C, and reaction time 120 min. The characteristics of Swida wilsoniana biodiesel (SDBD) were analyzed, which was similar to that of 0# diesel. Moreover, SDBD has the advantages of higher flash point (>105) and lower ash content (<0.003). Therefore, SDBD is a safe and clean biodiesel and a promising alternative biofuel

Transcriptome analysis revealed the dynamic oil accumulation in Symplocos paniculata fruit

BACKGROUND: Symplocos paniculata, asiatic sweetleaf or sapphire berry, is a widespread shrub or small tree from Symplocaceae with high oil content and excellent fatty acid composition in fruit. It has been used as feedstocks for biodiesel and cooking oil production in China. Little transcriptome information is available on the regulatory molecular mechanism of oil accumulation at different fruit development stages. RESULTS: The transcriptome at four different stages of fruit development (10, 80,140, and 170 days after flowering) of S. paniculata were analyzed. Approximately 28 million high quality clean reads were generated. These reads were trimmed and assembled into 182,904 non-redundant putative transcripts with a mean length of 592.91 bp and N50 length of 785 bp, respectively. Based on the functional annotation through Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) with public protein database, the key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism were identified, and a schematic diagram of the pathway and temporal expression patterns of lipid metabolism was established. About 13,939 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) were screened out using differentially expressed sequencing (DESeq) method. The transcriptional regulatory patterns of the identified enzymes were highly related to the dynamic oil accumulation along with the fruit development of S. paniculata. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) of six vital genes was significantly correlated with DESeq data. CONCLUSIONS: The transcriptome sequences obtained and deposited in NCBI would enrich the public database and provide an unprecedented resource for the discovery of the genes associated with lipid metabolism pathway in S. paniculata. Results in this study will lay the foundation for exploring transcriptional regulatory profiles, elucidating molecular regulatory mechanisms, and accelerating genetic engineering process to improve the yield and quality of seed oil of S. paniculata. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3275-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Establishment of Anther Culture of \u3ci\u3eSwida wilsoniana\u3c/i\u3e

Swida wilsoniana (Wilson\u27s dogwood) is an ornamental tree with white-cream flowers and exfoliating bark. It is also a candidate plant for bioenergy fuel because of the high oil content in its fruit. Anther culture is the most efficient technique for obtaining a large number of haploid plants in a breeding program. Basal media, light conditions, sucrose concentrations, and pretreatments of anthers at 4 oC or 32 oC were investigated for maximum callus induction from Wilson\u27s dogwood anthers in five separate experiments. All media were supplemented with 1.0 mg·L-1 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), 0.5 mg·L-1 NAA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid), and 0.4 mg·L-1 6-BA (6-benzylaminopurine). Basal media, namely, Gamborg medium (B5), Miller medium, Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, or woody plant medium (WPM) were compared. MS was the best basal medium with 25.4% of anthers forming callus. When anthers were cultured in constant dark, about 30 times more callus were formed compared to a 12-h/12-h light/dark cycle. Anthers cultured on medium supplemented with 30 g·L-1 sucrose achieved the maximum callus induction of 28.3%. Pretreatment of anthers at 4 oC for 9 days resulted in 36.7% callus induction, while a pretreatment at 32 oC for 1 day produced a 30.8% callus induction. In conclusion, anthers of Wilson\u27s dogwood could be stored at 4 oC for 9 days and then cultured in the dark on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg·L-1 2,4-D, 0.5 mg·L-1 NAA, 0.4 mg·L-1 6-BA, and 30 g·L-1 sucrose to yield the most callus induction

Mapping Monthly Distribution of Daily Light Integrals Across China

Daily light integral (DLI, mol·m-2·d-1) is the total amount of photosynthetically active radiation received over a 24-hour period. It is a useful light measurement related to plant growth. To provide an estimate of the light quantities delivered to different locations across the country throughout the year, contour maps were developed using solar global-horizontal radiation data recorded from 1973 to 2002 at 45 meteorological observation stations in China. The maps demonstrated the mean daily light integral for each month of the year across the contiguous China. Northern China received the lowest DLI of 5-10 mol·m-2·d-1 in December, while northwestern China had the highest DLI of 45-50 mol·m-2·d-1 in May, June, and July. From October through March, DLI primarily differed between northern and southern China, while from May to August DLI varied between eastern and western China. The DLI changed quickly during the months before and after the vernal and autumnal equinoxes. These contour maps can be used to estimate the necessity and/or amount of supplemental lighting inside greenhouses in various geographical locations

Mapping Monthly Distribution of Daily Light Integrals Across China

Daily light integral( DLI,( mol /( m2·d)) is the total amount of photo synthetically active radiation received over a 24- hour period. It is a useful light measurement related to plant growth. To provide an estimate of the light quantities delivered to different locations across the country throughout the year, contour maps were developed using solar global-horizontal radiation data recorded from 1973 to 2002 at 45 meteorological observation stations in China. The maps demonstrated the mean daily light integral for each month of the year across the contiguous China. Northern China received the lowest DLI of 5 ~ 10 mol /( m2·d) in December, while northwestern China had the highest DLI of 45 ~ 50 mol /( m2·d) in May, June, and July. From October through March, DLI primarily differed between northern and southern China, while from May to August DLI varied between eastern and western China. The DLI changed quickly during the months before and after the vernal and autumnal equinoxes. These contour maps can be used to estimate the necessity and / or amount of supplemental lighting inside greenhouses in various geographical locations

Essential Oil Extracted from Cymbopogon citronella Leaves by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities

To improve essential oil quality, especially to reserve the thermal instability of compounds, supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE) was applied to recover essential oil from Cymbopogon citronella leaves. A response surface methodology was applied to optimize the extraction process. The highest essential oil yield was predicted at extraction time 120  min, extraction pressure 25  MPa, extraction temperature 35°C, and CO2 flow 18  L/h for the SFE processing. Under these experimental conditions, the mean essential oil yield is 4.40%. In addition, the chemical compositions of SFE were compared with those obtained by hydrodistillation extraction (HD). There were 41 compounds obtained of SFE, while 35 compounds of HD. Alcohols and aldehydes were the main compositions in the essential oils. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities and antimicrobial of essential oils obtained by HD and the evaluated condition of SFE were compared. Results showed that the antioxidant activities of SFE oil are better than those of HD. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by the microdilution method. Essential oil obtained from SFE and HD exhibited a significant antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. It is confirmed that the SFE method can be an alternative processing method to extract essential oils from Cymbopogon citronella leaves

Additional file 3: Table S1. of Transcriptome analysis revealed the dynamic oil accumulation in Symplocos paniculata fruit

The distribution of sequencing reads in each library. (XLSX 9 kb